Design and Development of Carbon Fiber–Reinforced Geopolymer Cement Supercapacitors for Durable and Energy-Integrated Smart Infrastructure.

Abstract

The growing need for sustainable and energy-efficient infrastructure has accelerated the development of multifunctional construction materials capable of integrating structural performance with energy storage capabilities. This study presents the design and development of a carbon fiber–reinforced geopolymer cement (CFGPC)–based structural supercapacitor for durable and energy-integrated civil infrastructure. Geopolymer cement, derived from industrial by-products such as fly ash and slag, serves as an environmentally friendly alternative to conventional Portland cement, while carbon fiber reinforcement enhances mechanical strength and electrical conductivity. The proposed composite material is engineered to simultaneously function as a load-bearing structural element and an electrochemical energy storage device. A comprehensive experimental methodology is employed to evaluate both mechanical and electrochemical properties. The addition of carbon fibers forms conductive networks within the geopolymer matrix, enabling efficient charge storage and transfer. Key performance indicators, including specific capacitance, energy density, power density, and compressive strength, are systematically analyzed under varying material compositions. Electrochemical characterization is conducted using cyclic voltammetry, charge–discharge testing, and impedance spectroscopy. Results indicate that the optimized CFGPC composite achieves enhanced electrical conductivity and improved energy storage performance while maintaining sufficient structural integrity. The material demonstrates stable electrochemical behavior and durability under operational conditions. Furthermore, the study highlights the balance between mechanical strength and electrochemical efficiency, offering insights for optimal design. This research contributes to the advancement of smart and sustainable infrastructure by transforming conventional construction materials into energy-storing systems, paving the way for next-generation multifunctional civil engineering solutions.