China Strategic Diplomacy in South Asia: Navigating the India–Pakistan–China Triangle

Abstract

Background South Asia continues to be a difficult area in which China, India and Pakistan play the game of strategic triangle. With increased economic, military and diplomatic foothold in the region (CPEC + BRI), China’s at-least-on-paper impartial aggression has shifted the balance of power on the ground. Finding an equilibrium between its alliance with Pakistan and more tentative approach toward India is a key element of China's strategic posture in the region (Hudson Institute, 2025; Chatham House, 2025). Objective: This article attempts to examine China's strategic diplomacy in South Asia, particularly its deal with the India-Pakistan-China triangle. It aims to probe into the incentives, means and consequences of China's policies with a view to ascertaining their potential impact on regional peace and stability. Method: We utilized a qualitative research design and included both primary sources (official discourse, bilateral agreements) and secondary sources (scholarly articles, think tank reports, policy analyses.) A thematic analysis was utilized in order to find patterns from China, India, and Pakistan’s economic, diplomatic, as well as military interactions (ISDP 2025- Modern Diplomacy 2023). Results: Its findings suggest that China has progressively strengthened its economic and military relations with Pakistan but, at the same time, preserved trade and interaction with India. Chinese influence has been bolstered by diplomatic overtures through regional fora such as SAARC, SCO and trilateral dialogues. Tensions with India were kept in check by limited agreements and political dialogue, even as Pakistan grew more dependent on Chinese investment and military backing. Conclusion: Strategic Diplomacy of China in South Asia is a meticulously forged combination for increased influence on the region, regional stability and reinforcement of its geopolitical agendas. Through its balance of cooperation with Pakistan and engagement with India, China successfully manages the triangular dynamics in the region.