Synthesis and Characterization of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles from Plantago Ovata Seeds Mucilage and Its Application in Drug Delivery

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17492166

Abstract

This paper has outlined an environment friendly and sustainable method of synthesis and characterisation of copper oxide nanoparticle (CuO NPs) employing mucilage of Plantago ovata (psyllium) to serve as the reducing and stabilizing agent, with special emphasis on their usage in delivering drugs. P. ovata seeds were used to extract the mucilage that was used to reduce copper sulfate to CuO nanoparticles in mild thermal conditions in the absence of toxic chemicals. This confirmation was done through a change in color and the further characterisation with regards to UV-Visible spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) on the formation of nanoparticles followed. The UV-Vis spectrophotometry followed by a strong absorption peak at 290 nm, which is the formation of CuO nanoparticles, and FTIR spectrophotometry observed some sharp Cu-O stretching applications, the presence of hydroxyl and carbonyl as evidence of the involvement of mucilage biomolecules in reducing and stabilizing. SEM micrographs revealed that most of the nanoparticles were spherical with an average size of 9 to 20 nm indicating homogenous morphology and capping. A high loading efficiency (c. 73.7) of the antibacterial drug cefadroxil with a synthesized CuO NP was then attained. Experiments of in-vitro drug release showed that it possessed an interactive pH-dependent controlled release behavior with 47 and 34 percent drug release at 6.8 and 7.4 pH over 24 hours, respectively and consequently was suitable to be used in intestinal and systemic delivery. Besides, the antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli showed a remarkable inhibitory area, and it justified synergistic antibacterial ones between CuO and cefadroxil. Generally, the results confirm that P. ovata mucilage is an effective, biodegradable, and biocompatible green system that can be utilised in the production of nanocarrier in pharmaceutical and biomedical practice due to its effectiveness in the biosynthesis of CuO nanoparticles.