Green Synthesis and Environmental Degradation Pathways of Functional Nanoparticles: Toward Sustainable Nanotechnology Applications
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.63075/fpfqme55Keywords:
Green Synthesis, Nanoparticles, Environmental Degradation, Eco-Toxicity, Sustainable Nanotechnology, Kinetic Modeling, Plant-Mediated Synthesis.Abstract
Background The increasing use of nanotechnology has raised environmental concerns, owing to the durability and toxicity of chemically produced nano-particles. Green synthesis provides an environment-friendly approach of synthetic implementation via biogenic resources, but detailed research on biocompatibility and entirely reuse of MOF4 materials is gradually reported rarely. In light of this, this review explores the green synthesis of functional nanoparticles and their route of degradation in the environment to pave the way for sustainable applications of nanotechnology.
Objective: In the present work, we report synthesis, characterization and environmental degradation behavior of green-synthesized silver (AgNPs), zinc oxide (ZnO NPs) and iron oxide (Fe₃O₄ NPs) NPs and compared with their chemically synthesized NPs.
Method: The nanoparticles were fabricated employing green synthesized water extracts of the plants as reducing and stabilizing agents. The material was characterized by UV–Vis, FTIR, XRD, SEM, TEM and zeta potential analysis. Degradation was evaluated under simulated environmental conditions for mass loss and ion release kinetics. Daphnia magna and Chlorella vulgaris were used for the eco-toxicity test. Degradation kinetics (pseudo-first and pseudo-second order kinetic models) were studied.
Results: Green-synthesized nanoparticles have been successfully formed with sizes of 18–45 nm and negative zeta potential of –9.2 mV that indicates the stability. Mass losses were higher and ion release was less in the green-synthesized NPs as indicated from the degradation studies than to the chemical NPs. The degradation of AgNPs was pseudo-first-order, whereas ZnO NPs degradation showed a pseudo-second cure. Eco-toxicity was low, which confirms greater environmental tolerance.
Conclusion: exhibited sustainable physicochemical characteristics and environmentally friendly degradation behavior due to green fabrication, which justifies its implementation in eco-friendly Nano technological applications.
