Epidemiological and Statistical Evaluation of Diabetes Risk in Pakistan

Abstract

This study has developed statistical evaluation to assess and manage diabetes risk through a comprehensive, multidimensional approach. Diabetes, characterized by elevated blood glucose levels, can lead to severe complications such as cardiovascular disease, kidney dysfunction, and vision impairment if left untreated. Early detection is therefore crucial in preventing these adverse outcomes. Traditionally, diabetes management has focused primarily on glycemic control, typically measured by HbA1c levels. However, this narrow focus often overlooks the broader impact of diabetes on other organ systems. Notably, individuals with well-controlled HbA1c levels may still face significant health risks due to associated conditions such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, and impaired kidney or liver function. The findings of this research reveal strong correlations between diabetes and several biochemical markers. Specifically, diabetic individuals exhibited significantly higher levels of HbA1c, Body Mass Index (BMI), fasting and random blood glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL, VLDL, liver enzymes (AST, ALP, ALT), bilirubin, creatinine, and total protein in both blood and urine samples, compared to healthy controls. The holistic and predictive models developed in this study offer a robust framework for early detection and targeted preventive interventions, ultimately aiming to reduce the overall burden of diabetes. Data analysis was conducted using R software and SPSS (version 23).