A Comprehensive Review of the Phytochemical Profile and Pharmacological Potential of “Ixora coccinea”.

Abstract

Ixora coccinea (Rubiaceae) is an evergreen shrub widely used in South and Southeast Asia as both a traditional remedy and an ornamental plant. This review consolidates recent advances in its botany, phytochemistry, and pharmacology. Authoritative floristic sources confirm that I. coccinea is native to South Asia and Indo‑China and has naturalized across tropical regions. Horticultural reports highlight its preference for acidic, well‑drained soils and adaptability to USDA zones 10–11. Phytochemical investigations of leaves, flowers, roots, and bark reveal the presence of triterpenoids (e.g., lupeol, ursolic and oleanolic acids), flavonoids (quercetin, rutin, kaempferol), phenolics, and anthocyanins. In vitro and in vivo studies demonstrate strong antioxidant activity (DPPH radical scavenging; IC₅₀ ≈ 8 µg/mL for leaf extracts), anti‑inflammatory effects in carrageenan‑induced paw edema, and antimicrobial activity, particularly against staphylococci. Notably, a hydrogel formulation of leaf extract has shown efficacy in rodent wound‑healing Additional reports describe antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, nephroprotective, and cytotoxic activities; however, most findings are based on preclinical studies with variable extract types and limited mechanistic validation. A few studies have claimed the presence of the anticancer alkaloid camptothecin in I. coccinea, but these results remain inconsistent and require rigorous confirmation using orthogonal analytical methods. Overall, I. coccinea is a promising source of bioactive compounds, yet standardized extraction protocols, authenticated plant material, and well‑designed pharmacokinetic and toxicological studies are essential before clinical translation.models.