Biochemical Biomarkers and Electrochemical Biosensing Strategies for the Early Detection of Breast Cancer: A Critical Integrated Review

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20032102

Abstract

Breast cancer remains one of the leading causes of cancer. The morbidity and mortality among women need the development of reliable strategies for early detection. Although breast cancer is still among the most prevalent diseases associated with morbidity and mortality in women globally.  There is a need to develop an effective approach to detect this type of cancer at an early stage. It is necessary because early diagnosis can increase survival rates and reduce the need for treatment. Traditional imaging technologies used in the detection process. This includes mammography, but it's not sufficiently sensitive to early molecular changes.  It indicates only tumor development. In recent years, significant progress has been achieved. The biochemical biomarker approaches are used for diagnosing breast cancer.  Among them are various protein markers, such as CEA, CA15-3, MUC1, and HER2. Genetic factors (BRCA1/2), epigenetic modifications (DNA methylation), nucleic acids (circulating DNA, cfDNA, ctDNA), microRNAs, and immune-related parameters. This includes autoantibodies. All these biomarkers exhibit different levels.  Based on specificity and sensitivity. However, no biomarker offers sufficient specificity and sensitivity needed for the effective early diagnosis of breast cancer. Thus, indicating the need to combine several biomarkers to create a multiplex biomarker panel. At the same time, remarkable advances in electrochemical biosensors and nanomaterial-based biosensing techniques could be a great achievement for humanity.