Comparative Assessment Of Soil Physicochemical Modifications Induced By Neisseria And Streptococcus Species And Their Implications For Agricultural Soil Fertility Enhancement

Abstract

Soil fertility underpins sustainable agriculture, yet its decline due to industrial pollution and excessive fertilizer use has become a global concern. Soil microorganisms play a vital role in maintaining soil fertility through biochemical transformations that regulate nutrient cycling and organic matter decomposition. This research signifies the importance of identifying and comparing microbial agents capable of naturally improving soil health through biochemical processes. This comparative approach highlights the differential potential of distinct bacterial species in restoring soil quality and promoting eco-friendly agricultural productivity. This research presents a comparative evaluation of two bacterial species, Neisseria and Streptococcus, to assess their capacity to modify soil physicochemical properties including pH, electrical conductivity (EC), organic matter, and major macronutrients (N, P, K) essential for agricultural fertility. Soil samples from Syrup section of Cidex Industry, Peshawar, were inoculated under controlled laboratory conditions to analyze changes in soil physicochemical parameters. Results revealed that Streptococcus inoculation increased soil pH (8.0→8.2), EC (0.08→0.40 dS/m), and potassium content (68→80 mg/kg), while nitrogen and phosphorus slightly declined. In contrast, Neisseria inoculation also elevated pH (8.0→8.1) and potassium levels (68→96 mg/kg), but decreased organic matter (0.69→0.34%) and nitrogen.  Both bacterial treatments enhanced potassium levels and pH, while Neisseria exhibited a stronger effect on EC and ion mobilization. Streptococcus primarily improved pH regulation and cation exchange. The findings suggest both bacteria significantly influence soil fertility, with Neisseria showing higher ion mobilization and Streptococcus exhibiting greater pH regulation potential. Thus, both species demonstrate promising biofertilizer potential for sustainable agriculture, warranting further field-level validation.