Biofortification of Oryza Sativa L. using Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Improved Germination, Growth, and Yield

Abstract

This study explores the synthesis, characterization, and agricultural applications of iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe₂O₃ NPs) for biofortification of Oryza sativa L. (rice). Fe₂O₃ NPs were synthesized using a plant-based method with Carya illinoinensis leaf extract and characterized by various techniques. UV-vis spectrophotometry confirmed the successful synthesis of nanoparticles, with an absorption peak around 371 nm, indicating the formation of Fe₂O₃ NPs. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed the crystalline nature of the nanoparticles, with peaks corresponding to the α-Fe₂O₃ phase, confirming high crystallinity and minimal impurity. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) showed functional groups such as hydroxyl and carbonyl bands, indicating potential interactions between the plant extract and Fe₂O₃ NPs. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images revealed uniform, spherical nanoparticles with a smooth surface morphology, TEM confirmed the presence of iron in the synthesized nanoparticles. In agricultural trials, Fe₂O₃ NPs at 100 ppm significantly enhanced rice growth, with increased shoot and root lengths, biomass accumulation, and iron content in seeds. The grain yield and seed iron content were notably higher at 150 ppm, suggesting the potential of Fe₂O₃ NPs for biofortification and improved crop productivity.

Keywords: Iron oxide nanoparticles; characterization; biofortification; rice growth; improved crop productivity.