Fish Biodiversity of Zebi Dam: Insights from Karak District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

Abstract

Biodiversity encompasses the variety of life forms on Earth, with ichthyodiversity (or ichthyofauna) referring specifically to the diversity of fish species within a given ecosystem. Fish play a vital role in maintaining aquatic ecosystem balance and contribute significantly to human livelihoods through fisheries, aquaculture, and recreational activities. The present study investigated the ichthyofauna of Zebi Dam, located in Karak District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Sampling was conducted from November 2024 to July 2025. A total of 179 specimens were collected randomly with the assistance of local fishermen using standard fishing techniques, including hand nets, cast nets, and hooks. Specimens were photographed prior to preservation in 10% formalin to minimize loss of external coloration. Unethical practices such as poisoning or the use of electric current were strictly avoided. Overall, five species of fishes were recorded, representing three orders, two families, and four genera. The family Cyprinidae was the most dominant, with four species: Cyprinus carpio, Oreochromis niloticus, Ctenopharyngodon idella, and Hypophthalmichthys molitrix. The family Heteropneustidae was represented by a single species, Heteropneustes fossilis. Notably, Ctenopharyngodon idella (Grass Carp) was documented for the first time in this region during the present study. The dominance of cyprinid species suggests that the environmental conditions of Zebi Dam are particularly favorable for their growth and survival. These findings provide a baseline inventory of fish diversity in the area and highlight the ecological and economic potential of the dam. Sustainable management and promotion of carp aquaculture in this region could enhance local fisheries, conserve biodiversity, and strengthen the livelihoods of fishing communities.