Catalytic Pyrolysis of Mango Seed Husk (Mangifera indica) Using Fe-Modified ZSM-5 for Biofuel Production

Abstract

Catalytic pyrolysis of mango seed husk (Mangifera indica), an abundant agro‑industrial waste, was investigated using an Fe‑modified ZSM‑5 (Fe‑ZSM‑5) catalyst to enhance bio‑oil yield and quality. The study integrates comprehensive physicochemical characterization of the catalyst (XRD, SEM, FTIR, BET, TGA/DTG) with pyrolysis experiments conducted in a fixed‑bed reactor at 450–600 °C. Comparative analysis with non‑catalytic and pristine ZSM‑5 pyrolysis revealed that Fe‑ZSM‑5 significantly improved hydrocarbon selectivity, reduced oxygenated fractions, and enhanced thermal stability. GC–MS chromatograms confirmed the dominance of C₅–C₁₈ hydrocarbons and aromatics, while ADMET modeling demonstrated favorable solubility, metabolic stability, and reduced toxicity indices. The findings establish Fe‑ZSM‑5 as a promising catalyst for upgrading lignocellulosic biomass into renewable fuel precursors, contributing to sustainable energy transitions.