Assessment of Water Quality Parameters in Fish Ponds Using Physicochemical Analysis and Their Impact on Fish Growth Performance

Abstract

Water quality is the cornerstone of successful aquaculture, directly governing fish physiology, health, growth performance, and overall pond productivity. This review comprehensively assesses key physicochemical parameters in fish ponds including temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, alkalinity, hardness, nitrogenous wastes (ammonia, nitrite, nitrate), turbidity, and salinity and their intricate interrelationships. The paper examines thermal dynamics via the Q10 effect, oxygen-carbon dioxide balance, carbonate buffering systems, and the toxicological impacts of nitrogenous compounds on respiratory physiology and osmoregulation. Special emphasis is placed on how deviations from optimal ranges induce stress, suppress immunity, elevate Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR), and reduce Specific Growth Rate (SGR), often leading to disease outbreaks and economic losses. The review also explores modern analytical methodologies, the transformative role of IoT and AI in precision aquaculture, molecular insights from omics studies, and sustainable management strategies such as Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA), probiotics, and digital twins. By synthesizing laboratory findings, field observations, and species-specific optima (particularly for tilapia, carp, and catfish), this study underscores the need for continuous monitoring and proactive management to optimize fish growth and ensure sustainable aquaculture production.