Prevalence and Assossiated Risk Factors of Disc Bulging in Lumbosacral Spine using Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Abstract

Lumbosacral disc bulging is a common spinal disorder affecting quality of life, making its prevalence and risk factors important for early management. This descriptive cross-sectional study at the Radiology Department, Khyber Teaching Hospital, Peshawar, included 289 patients (18–65 years). Data from interviews, questionnaires, and MRI were analyzed using SPSS 24. Disc bulging prevalence was 97.9% (n = 283), mostly in females (60.9%) and ages 36–45 years (30.8%). Housewives were the largest group (44.6%). BMI: 54.0% normal, 42.6% overweight. 88.9% reported lower back pain, with 50.5% chronic for years; 47.4% had moderate pain, mainly on standing (29.1%) and walking (27.7%). Risk factors: smoking (22.5%), hypertension (65.4%), diabetes (42.2%), osteoporosis (18.7%). MRI: L4–L5 (33.2%), L5–S1 (27.0%), L4–S1 (17.3%), L3–L4 (10.4%). Chi-square showed significant association with occupation (p = 0.017), but not with age (p = 0.194), gender (p = 0.580), or BMI (p = 0.123, near-significant linear trend p = 0.049). Findings highlight high prevalence, particularly at lower lumbar levels, influenced by occupation, obesity, and comorbidities. Early MRI, lifestyle modification, and ergonomic care are recommended.